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Referências

  1. ↑ Nees Early Medieval Art pp. 109–112
  2. ↑ a b Power Central Middle Ages p. 304
  3. ↑ BruniHistory of the Florentine people p. xvii
  4. ↑ Albrow Gllobal Age p. 205
  5. ↑ Robinson "Medieval, the Middle Ages"Speculum
  6. ↑ "Middle Ages" Dictionary.com
  7. ↑ Bruni History of the Florentine people p. xvii
  8. ↑ a b c Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 86
  9. ↑ Ver as obras Making of Polities Europe 1300-1500 de Watts ; ou Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000–1500 de Epstein; ou ainda a data usada em Holmes (ed.) The Oxford History of Medieval Europe
  10. ↑ a b Davies Europe pp. 291–293
  11. ↑ Bordone and Sergi Dieci secoli di medioevo
  12. ↑ Ver Saul, Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485
  13. ↑ Kamen Spain 1469–1714 p. 29
  14. ↑ a b Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum
  15. ↑ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 391–393
  16. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 3–5
  17. ↑ Heather Fall of the Roman Empire p. 111
  18. ↑ a b Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 9
  19. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 24
  20. ↑ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 405–406
  21. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 31–33
  22. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 47–49
  23. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 56–59
  24. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 80–83
  25. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 59–60
  26. ↑ a b Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans p. 417
  27. ↑ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 67–68
  28. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 79
  29. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 116–134
  30. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Romepp. 95–98
  31. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 100–101
  32. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 100
  33. ↑ a b Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 96–97
  34. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 102–103
  35. ↑ BackmanWorlds of Medieval Europe pp. 86–91
  36. ↑ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 82–85
  37. ↑ a b James Europe's Barbarians pp. 77–78
  38. ↑ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 79–80
  39. ↑ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 78–81
  40. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 196–208
  41. ↑ DaviesEurope pp. 235–238
  42. ↑ WickhamInheritance of Rome pp. 81–83
  43. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 200–202
  44. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 206–213
  45. ↑ James Europe's Barbarians pp. 95–99
  46. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 140–143
  47. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 143–145
  48. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 149–151
  49. ↑ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 427–428
  50. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 218–233
  51. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 328–332
  52. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 170–172
  53. ↑ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 62–63
  54. ↑ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 10–13
  55. ↑ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 18–24
  56. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 185–187
  57. ↑ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West pp. 43–44
  58. ↑ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 64–65
  59. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 246–253
  60. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 347–349
  61. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World p. 344
  62. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 158–159
  63. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 164–165
  64. ↑ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 73
  65. ↑ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 371–378
  66. ↑ a b Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 109
  67. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 117–120
  68. ↑ Davies Europe p. 302
  69. ↑ Davies Europe p. 241
  70. ↑ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 66–70
  71. ↑ a b Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 427–431
  72. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 139
  73. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 141–144
  74. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 144–145
  75. ↑ Bauer Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 147–149
  76. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 378–385
  77. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europep. 387
  78. ↑ Davies Europe p. 309
  79. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 394–404
  80. ↑ Davies Europe p. 317
  81. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 435–439
  82. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 439–444
  83. ↑ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 385–389
  84. ↑ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 500–505
  85. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 318–320
  86. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 321–326
  87. ↑ Nees Early Medieval Art p. 145
  88. ↑ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 29–35
  89. ↑ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 43–44
  90. ↑ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 247
  91. ↑ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 45
  92. ↑ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 49
  93. ↑ Kitzinger Early Medieval Art pp. 36–53, 61–64
  94. ↑ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 18–21, 63–71
  95. ↑ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 36–42, 49–55, 103, 143, 204–208
  96. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 41–49
  97. ↑ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 16–18
  98. ↑ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 233–238
  99. ↑ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 5–12
  100. ↑ a b c Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 156
  101. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 48–49
  102. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 164–165
  103. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 37–41
  104. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 311–315
  105. ↑ Hamilton Religion on the Medieval West p. 33
  106. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 33–34
  107. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 60–67
  108. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 160
  109. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 74–76
  110. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 283–284
  111. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 365–380
  112. ↑ Davies Europe p. 296
  113. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 262–279
  114. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 371–372
  115. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 181–186
  116. ↑ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 143–147
  117. ↑ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 250–252
  118. ↑ Davies Europe p. 364
  119. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 187–189
  120. ↑ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 59–61
  121. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 189–196
  122. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 263
  123. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 286–289
  124. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 289–293
  125. ↑ Davies Europe p. 294
  126. ↑ Kaufmann and Kaufmann Medieval Fortress pp. 268–269
  127. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 332–333
  128. ↑ a b Riley-Smith "Crusades" Middle Ages pp. 106–107
  129. ↑ Payne Dream and the Tomb pp. 204–205
  130. ↑ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 353–356
  131. ↑ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 156–161
  132. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 299–300
  133. ↑ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades p. 122
  134. ↑ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 205–213
  135. ↑ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 213–224
  136. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 232–237
  137. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 247–252
  138. ↑ a b Loyn "Scholasticism" Middle Ages pp. 293–294
  139. ↑ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 295–301
  140. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 252–260
  141. ↑ a b Davies Europe p. 349
  142. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 237–241
  143. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 241–246
  144. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 246
  145. ↑ a b Davies Europe p. 369
  146. ↑ Barber Two Cities p. 68
  147. ↑ Barber Two Cities p. 73
  148. ↑ Nicolle Medieval Warfare p. 80
  149. ↑ a b Nicolle Medieval Warfare pp. 296–298
  150. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages 55
  151. ↑ a b Dodwell Pictorial Arts of the West p. 37
  152. ↑ Adams History of Western Art pp. 181–189
  153. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 58–60, 65–66, 73–75
  154. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 295–299
  155. ↑ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 240–250
  156. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 91–92
  157. ↑ Adams History of Western Art pp. 195–216
  158. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 250
  159. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 245–247
  160. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 264–278
  161. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 248–250
  162. ↑ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 47
  163. ↑ a b Rosenwein Rhinoceros Bound pp. 40–41
  164. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 143–144
  165. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 145–147
  166. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 155–167
  167. ↑ Barber Two Cities pp. 185–192
  168. ↑ Loyn "Famine" Middle Ages p. 128
  169. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 373–374
  170. ↑ a b Schove "Plague" Middle Ages p. 269
  171. ↑ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 374–380
  172. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 412–413
  173. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 201–219
  174. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 224–233
  175. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 233–238
  176. ↑ Watts Making of Polities p. 166
  177. ↑ Watts Making of Polities p. 169
  178. ↑ Loyn "Hundred Years' War" Middle Ages p. 176
  179. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 180–181
  180. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 317–322
  181. ↑ Davies Europe p. 423
  182. ↑ Nicolle Medieval Warfare p. 186
  183. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 170–171
  184. ↑ a b Watts Making of Polities pp. 173–175
  185. ↑ Watts Making of Polities pp. 327–332
  186. ↑ a b Watts Making of Polities p. 340
  187. ↑ Davies Europe p. 431
  188. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 385–389
  189. ↑ Davies Europe p. 446
  190. ↑ Thomson Western Church pp. 170–171
  191. ↑ Loyn "Great Schism" Middle Ages p. 153
  192. ↑ Thomson Western Church pp. 184–187
  193. ↑ Thomson Western Church pp. 197–199
  194. ↑ Thomson Western Church p. 218
  195. ↑ Thomson Western Church pp. 213–217
  196. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 436–437
  197. ↑ a b Davies Europe pp. 433–434
  198. ↑ a b Davies Europe pp. 438–439
  199. ↑ Davies Europe p. 445
  200. ↑ Davies Europe p. 451
  201. ↑ Davies Europe pp. 454–455
  202. ↑ Davies Europe p. 511
  203. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 253–256
  204. ↑ Lightbown Secular Goldsmiths' Work p. 78
  205. ↑ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 257–262
  206. ↑ Staff "Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" British Library
  207. ↑ Griffiths Prints and Printmaking pp. 17–18; 39–46
  208. ↑ Lindberg "Medieval Church Encounters" When Science & Christianity Meet p. 8
  209. ↑ Grant God and Reason p. 9
  210. ↑ Citado em Peters "Science and Religion" Encyclopedia of Religion
  211. ↑ a b Russell Inventing the Flat Earth pp. 49–58
  212. ↑ Grant Planets, Stars, & Orbs pp. 626–630
  213. ↑ Lindberg and Numbers "Beyond War and Peace" Church History

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